Electrical Power- Distribution System

Undertaking 1: Describe the fundamental topology of the national framework organize. The National Grid Network A national matrix organize is a system of link that interfaces all the force stations in a nation to transmit power to the purchasers all through the nation. Power is popular pretty much wherever in the cultivated world, and in Great Britain the system for providing this electrical force is referred to ordinarily as the National Grid. The National Grid is an electric force transmission organize which associates the substations and force stations.This is with the goal that any electrical vitality produced in Great Britain, can be used and help fulfill vitality needs somewhere else. This matrix framework likewise incorporates interconnections that run under the ocean to Northern Ireland HVDC Moyle, the Isle of Man and France HVDC Cross-Channel. The electrical vitality created for the National matrix should be moved around all pieces of the nation to gracefully the interest. Th ere are two strategies accessible for the transmission and dissemination of electric force and these are:â * Underground Insulated Cables Overhead Cables (Bare Conductors Suspended at a Safe Height Above Ground) The overhead lines are commonly utilized for high-voltage significant distance transmission, in light of the fact that the expense is lower than underground links, particularly at higher voltages. In British practice, high voltage transmission lines convey voltages extending from 66kv to 132kv, and additional high voltage lines convey voltages from 220kv to 380kv. In all cases the force is transmitted as three-stage exchanging flow at 50cycles/sec, and the expense of an overhead line relies to a great extent upon conduit size and voltage [Cheesman, 2007].Figure 1: General format of power systems (Diagram taken from: http://en. wikipedia. organization) Structure of conveyance matrices The structure or â€Å"topology† of a framework can change significantly. The physi cal format is frequently constrained by what land is accessible and its topography. The sensible topology can fluctuate contingent upon the limitations of financial plan, prerequisites for framework unwavering quality, and the heap and age attributes. An ordinary topology of a lattice is appeared in figure 2 beneath. An A Figure 2: Schematic portrayal of a spiral framework (Diagram taken from: http://www. transanatolia. eu)Figure speak to an exemplary power dissemination matrices straightforward outspread tree, sending power from a source (point A speaking to control age or a substation) to conveyance focuses (different focuses speaking to homes, organizations, or other sub systems). The least expensive and most straightforward topology for a dissemination or transmission lattice is an outspread structure. This is a tree shape where power from a huge gracefully transmits out into dynamically lower voltage lines until the goal homes and organizations are reached. Most transmission ma trices require the unwavering quality that progressively perplexing lattice systems provide.Other topologies utilized are circled frameworks and tied ring systems. National matrices are made out of numerous littler electrical systems that are connected together into a bigger system called a Wide Area Synchronous Grid, otherwise called an interconnection. A Wide Area Synchronous Grid permits all the autonomous electrical systems in a specific zone to be associated by synchronizing the electrical recurrence between them. Joined Kingdom interconnections are synchronized at 50Hz. |  | Task 2: depict the essential topology of the ring and spiral feeder framework. Spiral Feeder SystemIn an outspread setup, lines branch out consecutively and force streams carefully one way, just a single way is associated between every client and the substations. The electrical force streams from the substation to the client along a solitary way. On the off chance that this way is intruded on, it will br ing about a total loss of capacity to the client. The stacking of a conveyance feeder is naturally uneven as a result of the huge number of inconsistent single-stage stacks that must be served. An extra lopsidedness is presented by the non-symmetrical conductor dispersing of the three-stage overhead and underground line segments.Figure 3 beneath shows the outspread feeder framework. Figure 3: Radial circulation framework Some of the benefits of this framework include: least beginning expense and straightforwardness of arranging, structure and activity. Disservices include: low dependability factor, wholesaler closer to the taking care of end is intensely stacked. Ring or Loop framework: In a ring, any two focuses are normally associated by more than one way, implying that a few lines structure circles inside the framework. This dissemination framework comprises of at least two ways between the substations and the clients. It is chosen to convey its typical burden in addition to the heap of the other portion of the circle also.Therefore the size of the feeder conductor in a circle circulation framework is the equivalent all through the circle. Figure 4 beneath shows the ring or circle feeder framework. Figure 4: Loop circulation framework Advantages of this framework include: Less conductor material is required as each piece of the ring conveys less current. Less voltage variances. It is increasingly dependable. Detriments include: It is hard to configuration contrasted with the spiral framework. Undertaking 3. For the outspread feeder appeared in fig. 3. 1 figure the accompanying: 15A 50A B 0. 2? 0. 2? 0. 1? 0. 1? 0. 06? 0. 06? An A 20A 240V D C Figure 3. 1 a) The heap voltagesSolution: From figure 3. 1, the voltage drop from A to D is: VAD=0. 2IAB+0. 06IBC+0. 1ICD Current among An and B:IAB=50+15+20=85A Voltage drop from A to B: VA-B=0. 2*85=17V Voltage at B:VB= VA-VAB Therefore,VB=240-17=223V Current among B and C:IBC=85-50=35A Voltage drop from B to C:VB-C= 0. 06*35=2. 1V Voltage at C:VC= VB-VBC=223-2. 1=220. 9V Current among C and D:ICD=35-15=20A Voltage drop from C to D: VC-D=0. 1*20=2V Voltage at D:VD= VC-VCD=220. 9-2=218. 9V Therefore Voltage drop from A to D: e=0. 2IAB+0. 06IBC+0. 1ICD =0. 2*85+0. 06*35+0. 1*20 VAD =17+2. 1+2=21. 1V b) The force lost in the cable.Power provided to the framework = 240 * 85 = 20400 W PLOSS = (VAB*IAB) + (VBC * IBC)+ (VCD*ICD ) = (17*85) + (2. 1*35) +(2*20) = 1445 + 73. 5 + 40 = 20400 †= 1558. 5W c) The force created by each heap. Force at B, PB = VB * IB = 223 * 50 = 11150W= 11. 15KW Power at C, PC = VC * IC = 220. 9 * 15 = 3313. 5W = 3. 31KW Power at D, PD = VD * ID = 218. 9 * 20 = 4378W = 4. 38KW Total Power created = PB + PC + PD = 11150 + 3313. 5 + 4378 = 18841. 5W =18. 84KW d) The productivity of the framework The proficiency of the transmission line is given by: Efficiency =100% * Power provided/(power provided + power misfortune) PP+PL*100%= 2040020400+1558. 5*100%=92. 9% Task 4: Write a short report on conveyance frameworks. The report ought to incorporate the accompanying substance: I) The most widely recognized LV circulation frameworks utilized. ii) A chart of the single stage 3 wire 240/120 topology iii) Description of the single stage 3 wire 240/120 improvement iv) The impact of inconsistent stacking v) The benefits of the single stage 3 wire 240c/120v framework vi) An outline of the three stage 4 wire 208v/120 topology vii) three stage 3 wire 600v topology, vii) three stage 4 wire 480v/277v topology. Instances of where this would be utilized Solution:Distribution Subsystem The conveyance framework associates the appropriation substations to the consumers’ administration entrance gear. There are two kinds of appropriation framework: the essential and optional dissemination framework. The Primary Distribution System The essential circulation lines run from 4 to 34. 5 kV and flexibly the heap in an all around characterized land region. The transmission f ramework voltage is ventured down to bring down levels by dispersion substation transformers. The essential dispersion framework is that bit of the force organize between the appropriation substation and the use transformers.The essential conveyance framework comprises of circuits, alluded to as essential or circulation feeders that start at the optional transport of the dissemination substation. The dissemination substation is typically the conveyance purpose of electric force in enormous mechanical or business applications Primary dispersion framework voltages extend from 2,400 V to 69,000 V. The dissemination voltages in most stretched out use are 12,470 V and 13,200 V, both three and four wire. Kinds of Primary Distribution System. There are two crucial kinds of essential appropriation frameworks; Radial and Network.Simply characterized, an outspread framework has a solitary concurrent way of intensity stream to the heap. A system has more than one concurrent way. Every one of t he two kinds of frameworks has various varieties. Figure 6 outlines four essential feeder courses of action demonstrating tie, circle, outspread and equal feeders. There are other increasingly complex frameworks, for example, the essential system (interconnected substations with feeders shaping a matrix) and double assistance arrange (exchange feeder to each heap). These frameworks, in any case, are just varieties of the two fundamental feeder arrangements.Some little mechanical clients are served straightforwardly by the essential feeders. Figure 6: four essential feeder game plans. (Graph taken from: www. navalfacilities. tpub. com) The optional Distribution System The auxiliary dispersion arrange diminishes the voltage for usage by business and private shoppers. Lines and links not surpassing two or three hundred feet long convey capacity to the individual purchasers. The optional dissemination serves the vast majority of the clients at levels of 240/120 V, single-stage, three-wi re; 208Y/120 V, three-stage, four-wire; or 480Y/277 V, three-stage, four-wire.The power for a normal home is gotten from a transformer that lessens the essential feeder voltage to 240/120 V utilizing a three wire line. Appropriation frameworks use both overhead and underground conductors. The voltage levels for a specific auxiliary framework are controlled by the heaps to be served. The use voltages are for the most part in the scope of 120 to 600 V. In private and provincial regions the ostensible flexibly is a 120/240 V, single-stage, three-wire ground

Audit & Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Review and Assurance - Essay Example Hence US presented the Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002 and UK, in 2003, set up two surveys RRAP (Regulatory Regime of Accountancy Profession) and CGAA (Coordinating Group on Audit and Accounting) (Gray and Manson, 2007, p.140). The review panel comprises of governing body who are endowed with the oversight of budgetary reports readiness and exposures. The more dependable the data is the more it is valuable and through the examining this reason for existing is accomplished. The investors of an organization are its proprietors who name the stewards as executives and directors to deal with the organization for their sake. The issue emerges when the stewards place their own advantages before the owners’ interests. Furthermore, as the chiefs are at a bit of leeway over investors as far as data the examining (both interior and outside) capacities become even more significant. The ongoing money related emergency has prompted the prerequisite of upgrading the straightforwardness on the man ager’s exercises and their hazard the board. The distinguishing proof, examination and the board of the operational just as vital hazard are the way to maintain a strategic distance from disappointments of firms if the emergencies were to happen in future. The review board of trustees alone isn't mindful to forestall the monetary downturn yet assumes a significant job by testing the presumptions and assessments the examiners embrace as a major aspect of the review procedure as the financial condition changes with time (FRC, 2011). Destinations of the Paper This paper has predominantly five targets. Initially, to comprehend the rights and obligations of the review panel and their significance in today’s unpredictable money related condition. Besides, why firms need review boards of trustees and what they are never helping to review committees’ adequacy. Thirdly, the significance and significance of Audit Assurance has been clarified. Fourthly, there is a clarific ation of the review procedure both inward just as outer. Fifthly, the job of controllers and review firms in acquiring more viability review procedure and straightforwardness in budgetary revelations so the financial specialists capable ready to take educated choices. Rights and Responsibilities of the Audit Committee The Financial Reporting Council has given the rules on Audit Committees. The privileges of review board of trustees are as per the following: 1. All the chiefs and the executives staff are committed to keep the review council appropriately educated regardless of whether not inquired. They should be agreeable with the review board of trustees. 2. The assessments of the review advisory group ought to be tuned in and talked about by both the administration and the board. 3. The review advisory group has an option to intercede on the off chance that it finds any error in the review and monetary controls process. What's more, on the off chance that not fulfilled by the clar ifications given by the administration, at that point it might look for free guidance. 4. Crafted by the review council gets tedious and serious; accordingly the board must give them the essential assets including the installment. There ought to likewise be an arrangement of acceptance and preparing of the new review advisory group individuals in the organization. The preparation might be proceeded whenever required. The leading group of the organization ought to set up a review council with at any rate a few individuals in interview with the designation

Nursing Process of Transurethral

Nursing Process of Transurethral Presentation Its said one knows not what he has until it is gone, This regular saying can be applied to the procedures associated with Transurethral resection of the prostate( TURP). TURP is done to treat or mitigate augmentation of the prostate organ (kind prostatic hyperplasia) (mayoclinic.com, 1). The prostate is arranged close to the urinary bladder in a grown-up male. At the point when an individual pees, pee streams from the bladder, through the prostate organ, at that point the urethra which is encased inside the penile shaft, prompting the goal. At the point when this procedure is intruded, for this situation by a developed prostate organ shutting the exit out of the bladder; it can cause different urinary tract side effects. These side effects can fluctuate from trouble peeing, to urinary desperation, nocturia, oliguria, urinary maintenance and others. On the off chance that these indications are extreme, a TURP system is suggested by the doctor as an insignificantly intrusive strategy f or easing them Nursing Process of Transurethral Resection of the prostate Its said one knows not what he has until it is gone, This normal adage can be applied to the procedures associated with Transurethral resection of the prostate( TURP). TURP is done to treat or reduce amplification of the prostate organ (considerate prostatic hyperplasia) (mayoclinic.com, 1). The prostate is arranged close to the urinary bladder in a grown-up male. At the point when an individual pees, pee streams from the bladder, through the prostate organ, at that point the urethra which is encased inside the penile shaft, prompting the goal. At the point when this procedure is intruded, for this situation by an extended prostate organ shutting the exit out of the bladder; it can cause different urinary tract side effects. These indications can differ from trouble peeing, to urinary criticalness, nocturia, oliguria, urinary maintenance and others. On the off chance that these indications are extreme, a TURP methodology is suggested by the doctor as an insignificantly obtrusive tech nique for mitigating them. One doesn't consider what it involves to really have the option to get the inclination to pee and do as such effortlessly. The delight of this practically programmed process has been detracted from customers with benevolent prostatic hyperplasia, prompting the requirement for a TURP. This clarifies the ideas of not comprehending what one has till its gone or seriously made risky. A medical attendant becomes an integral factor in this procedure by utilizing the nursing procedure of appraisal, nursing finding, objectives, mediation and assessment to deal with the customer through the whole course of treatment. That is the medical caretaker follows the patient from preoperative to Post employable while steadily giving consideration and educating. Forestalling entanglements of TURP post operatively is a significant piece of the method, as this decides the accomplishment of such technique. In reference to difficulty after TURP, Weaver 2001 expressed that counteraction must beginning some time before the patient is conceded into the emergency clinic (p. 1). The medical caretaker needs to inquire as to whether the patient as of late took Coumadin, Aspirin or any NSAIDs scarcely any days prior to the system. These medications influences blood coagulation and they should have being halted a few days prior before to forestall discharge. Weaver further clarified that Coumadin ought to be stopped 3-7 days before TURP and patient must have quit taking Aspirin for in any event 10 days prior (p. 1). During postoperative consideration, the attendant needs to survey the patients inhabiting catheter for patency consistently. The substance of the sack should likewise be checked. This is on the grounds that an adjustment in the pee shading and consistency is the primary sign to dynamic bleeding.(Weaver 2001, p. 2) The patients fundamental signs should be checked at ordinary interims to identify any progressions which could be identified with draining and disease. Specific consideration need to put on the patients research center qualities on the grounds that a low white platelet tally could likewise give indication for disease. The patients information and yield should likewise be evaluated because of the persistent bladder water system (CBI). After the evacuation of the catheter, the attendant ought to survey the patients pee and disclose to the patient that some shivering or copying may be felt and this is typical. Gilhurst (2006) takes note of that TURP is utilized for roughly 90% of prostate medical procedure and that it is viewed as the highest quality level'. In spite of the fact that TURP is such an excellent methodology, it isn't without its dangers. Medical attendants need to analyze rapidly to forestall further inconveniences or mortality in patients. With this intrusive method, alongside catherization, patients are at high hazard for disease. Liquid volume imperfection, because of drain, is another significant determination of concern. Patients doing this method would as a rule show upset self-perception and information shortfall, despite the fact that this differs by person. The normal objectives for TURP are that the patient would not encounter TURP disorder, the patient would not display indications of discharge, the catheters patency would be kept up without entanglement, the patient would verbalizes a comprehension of the methodology and its attractive/bothersome impact. The medical caretaker ought to guarantee that the patient gets exhaustive release educating. As indicated by Ng (2004) nonstop bladder water system (CBI) is a built up methodology intended to forestall the arrangement and maintenance of blood clusters following transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). (p . 97). This constant water system is set up by the utilization of a three-way Foley catheter. The medical attendant is answerable for the administration of the Foley catheters patency. To guarantee that patency is kept up, consistent appraisal and early location is actualized. It is the attendants obligation to survey the saline water systems tallness, volume remaining, and liquid level in the trickle chamber. An appraisal of the seepage pack for the sum, consistency and the shade of the waste is a fundamental mediation in guaranteeing proficiency of the strategy and in making aware of the advancement of any entanglements. Ng 2004 recorded a couple of different intercessions in the keeping up of catheter patency which incorporate survey for wrinkling, footing, and spillage; change the braces to guarantee consistent stream rate; and constantly check liquid equalization/bladder water system. (p . 98). After an intensive evaluation, if blockage is suspected the medical caretaker is to mediate. As expressed by Ng 2004 to unblock the catheter the attendants mediation ought to be to, console the patient and clarify the technique, turn off the bladder water system framework; milk the tubing; watch seepage; and evaluate for a decline in the patients level of uneasiness. (p . 101). The most well-known intricacy after TURP is drain, considering this the nursing intercessions ought to incorporate checking the patients indispensable sign observing like clockwork (Wasson 2004, p . 5). The shading and consistency of the pee ought to likewise be checked at two hours interim. Educate the patient to stay level or at a slight slope quickly post-operatively, on the grounds that sitting may expand venous and bladder pressure causing dying, (Wasson 2004, p . 5). While in the medical clinic, the attendant ought to advise the doctor if there is an expansion in the pace of dying, and of any radical change in fundamental signs. Hypovolemia is a hazard factor of broad draining and the medical caretaker ought to be set up to intercede with substitutions of intravenous liquids and blood items. As indicated by Wasson 2004, the medical attendant ought to teach the patient to drink in any event 12 glasses of water for every day and to maintain a strategic distance from the utilizati on of liquor, charged refreshments, and hot nourishments that may over-animate the bladder (p . 5). Another genuine TURP related complexity is known as TURP condition (Wasson 2004, p. 4). TURP disorder is depicted to be an unusual vascular retention of inundating liquid during medical procedure which causes extreme dilutional hyponatemia and hypervolemia (Wasson 2004, p . 4). Nursing mediations planned for forestalling TURP condition incorporate cautious evaluation of its indications which incorporate; bradycardia, disarray, full holding beats, sensational increment in pulse, tachypnea, and transitory visual deficiency. Release instructing is significant in verifying that TURP is effective in settling the patients condition. The patient ought to be informed to keep a log regarding voiding and record the volume of pee, its attributes, and the recurrence. Demanding exercises, for example, climbing steps ought to be abstained from during the initial not many weeks after release. The patient ought to likewise be urged to rest consistently for roughly two to about a month and a half; this advances recuperating of the careful site. Action limitations that empowers recuperating likewise incorporates, shirking of lifting things weighing more than five pounds, evasion of extreme physical effort, and long strolls. End The patient ought to be instructed by the medical attendant to advise the doctor, if draining happens and doesn't stop inside one hour of treatment. A high fiber diet is energized during release instructing trying to stress that his forestalls obstruction. Likewise intensive perineal cleanliness ought to be focused and the patient ought to be instructed that it decreases the hazard for disease. Patients ought to be encouraged to take anti-infection agents and some other medicine as endorsed by the doctor. Instructing kegal practices is another significant nursing intercession as it fortifies the pelvic floor muscles. After the intercession, the medical caretaker will do an assessment so as to see whether the objective has been accomplished and to check whether the patient is advancing as arranged. The attendant ought to rethink the patient to guarantee that the individual in question didn't encounter TURP disorder, drain and some other entanglements recently referenced. The viability of the patient educating ought to be reevaluated, the more proficient the patient is about strides to be taken, the more prominent the likelihood that the patient will agree. This may help the patient in taking legitimate consideration of themselves after release and furthermore forestall intricacies. Along these lines, nursing mediation consistently help

Important Tips in Writing Research Essays

Important Tips in Writing Research EssaysIf you are trying to write research essays to earn an advanced degree, then you need to have a certain approach when writing your research. If you don't follow this methodology, you are just going to waste your time and effort on a difficult task.What you should do is narrow down your target market for your research essay in certain kinds of topics. For example, if you want to write a dissertation on the interaction between culture and marketing, then you should avoid writing about the financial markets. If you don't know any particular thing, you can simply ask your professor for a list of topics on which you should write your thesis.You will find that there are a number of things that you should be aware of when you want to write research. If you know the basics of this, then you will have a higher chance of writing an essay in the proper manner. This technique is also called as essay structuring.The first thing that you need to do when you are writing research essays is to determine your topic. The topic can be anything, such as politics, economics, religion, or history. However, it is recommended that you focus more on the subject you are writing on.Once you have selected your research topics, you should look into the history of the topic and see what other people have written about it before. You can use that information as your background for your essay.In addition, you should make sure that you have all the relevant facts and details. You also need to try and make sure that you are not making a biased piece of writing, because it can easily get rejected by your instructor and even your professor.When you go about writing your research essay, you should also remember that there are going to be many different people who will read your paper. It is important that you write your essay in such a way that it is unbiased and is going to get you through the quality review panel.

The Three Strikes Law And Public Policy Essay - 1838 Words

Brittney Seals-Johnson 12/8/16 CCJ 4497: Criminal Justice and Public Policy Final Paper The three strikes law came out of the â€Å"get tough† era in the late 70’s. The era was based on the idea that crime is the result of an offender’s choice’s and personal responsibility. During this time, the criminal justice system focused on punishment instead of rehabilitation, as the government switched to determinate based, or individualized sentencing where conviction was served in a jail or prison with a defined length of sentence, and can not be changed by a parole board or other agency. It was fair and just sentences based on the crime committed and its severity. The three strikes law was a policy that was started in Washington in 1993, and Governor Pete Wilson adopted a broader version of it in California that requires a criminal to serve a sentence of twenty-five years to life after they have been caught and convicted of a third felony. There are a total of twenty-three states and the federal government who have adopted some for of the three st rikes policy. The policy varies by each state and what crimes fall under felonies is the states discretion. For example, in Georgia, it only requires two violent felony convictions instead of three. In other states, it does not have to be a violent crime to be sent away for twenty-five to life. Different influences can lead to these types of policies. Public opinion and moral outrage are some of the ways that a policy can come about. ThreeShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Three Strike Laws On The State Of California1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe effectiveness of the three strike laws has been a major concern among researchers; it has sparked the attention of several indidviduals from the first piece of legislation passed in the United States. 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Sexual Minority Women - 854 Words

Following on from existing literature on the disparities in health care access, utilization and health outcomes among racial and sexual minority women, the current study seeks to address existing gaps and offer directions for health promotion and future research in this area. This is a retrospective comparison study, examining the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health care seeking behaviors; and the moderating effect of sexual orientation and racial identity on this relationship. Comparative analysis of two medical institutions will be conducted, employing a mixed-method approach: Fenway Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA. This study design is informed by three theoretical frameworks: Assets†¦show more content†¦It is challenging for researchers to develop a medical framework that incorporates behavior as both a cause and a cure for certain health issues. Several empirical research studies have found a correlation between stress to endocrine and immunological dysfunction (see, Lovallo, 2015). Stress makes it harder, for some, to utilize resources or make appropriate decisions (Sarafino Smith, 2011). It is therefore plausible that multiple daily stressors (such as racism, heterosexism, sexism, macroaggressions), adversely impacts a person’s short and long term physical well-being. Hypothesis and Constructs For this current study, I predict that, while controlling for neighborhood characteristics, sexual and racial minority women seek needed health care at lower rates than women of a higher SES. However, I expect this relationship to be moderated by sexual orientation and racial identity. Racial and sexual minorities, who are of lower SES, seek health care at lower rates than their White heterosexual counterparts. Moreover, I hypothesize that no significant relationship will exist between SES and health care seeking behaviors among White heterosexuals. Based on existing literature reviewed, the primary predictor, SES will be operationalized as household income level. Low SES is measured as living below 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL), and high SES are those living above 400% of the FPL. Neighborhood characteristics, a variable that will be controlled in analysis isShow MoreRelatedRelationship Values Between Gender And Sexuality Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesexpectations and norms linked to how men and women, and boys and girls, should act. Sexuality which refers to the biological characteristics that define men and women. Relationship values are what you believe in and morals that you hold important to you so you can live your life to the fullest. Your values are based on what you have experienced through your life and what you have learned over the years. 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Implementation of Plans and Strategies

Question: Explain the implementation of plans and strategies. Answer: Introduction: Every organization requires a leader to help the organization in the formulation as well as the implementation of plans and strategies. An effective leader is very vital to the growth of an organization, and his function is not merely confined to the execution of plan within a given time, but to resolve the problem, if any, in the organization, as well as to motivate the employees to achieve the goals. However, if the leader is not being able to strengthen the unity and promote harmony among or with the fellow subordinates, his leadership strategy will never yield any fruitful result. Hence, in such situations, the management of the organization may have to come forward and take necessary step to introduce teamwork, to enable greater interpersonal communication among all the employees, and to identify and rectify, the leadership mistakes, which the leader may be committing (Yukl et al. 2012). Discussion: In the present situation, it is easily understood that the employee Mark, and probably a handful of other employees, are discontent with the management of the Helping Hands, organization, for having granted a quick promotion to their fellow colleague, Jenny. As such, the management of an organization, should try to have a comprehensive understanding of the employees perspective, to be able to get a solution to the problem. Although conflict is a very common part of an organization, the challenges the management is confronted, as a result is quite tough. Hence, conflict resolution within the workplace is of utmost importance as continual process of grudge, malice and dissatisfaction, can lead to the reduction in the rate of productivity and performance (Dubrin et al. 2015). As it has been observed from the case study, that Dharma , as the owner of an NGO , has to keep herself pre-occupied with several government and other agencies, and as such it is difficult for her to look after and promote the workplace harmony. But her promotion of Jenny, as the new trainee, has created much conflict. Hence, the foremost step the organization has to take, is to promote a sense of belonging among all the employees, so that the feeling of workplace hierarchy and consequent conflict somewhat diminishes. This can be done by the organization, by arranging a conference or a seminar, that will help the employees understand the importance of the quality of teamwork. As Happy Hands is an NGO, it should work with an unified approach, to serve people and hence any sort of disruption in harmony can lead to the failure of the entire organization. So, the organization needs to hold more seminars and workshops whereby lecture will be delivered, and even activities will be organize d so that all the employees, the leaders or the subordinates feel themselves an important part of the organization (Moore et al. 2014). As it can be seen that the cause of the workplace conflict, here, is that the average group of employees are holding a sense of malice towards Jenny, who, according to them, have got an unfair advantage in assuming leadership role in the organization. Hence, the organization, has to make sure that Jenny is capable of creating a good rapport with the employees. This can be done, by first identifying a group of employees, who are not quite comfortable working with Jenny; then, a job has to be selected whereby the task will be allocated to these group of people, under the leadership of Jenny. However, here, Jenny should be less of a leader and more of a co-worker (Avgar et al. 2013). The work will be split among the workers, and the employees as well as Jenny, should be directed to communicate, interact and support each other in the process of completing the task. It may be decided that the organization is going to help out a few impoverished families of the remote region. To be able to reach out to these people, the whole team will have to work with each other, travel together, and find out the necessary means of gaining access to these families, and helping out through food, money, and other benefits. This whole act, will require more o a teamwork, whereby with the help of co-operation and support, the whole team will be able to complete the task as well as will fell a sense of joint success, or accomplishment of the same (Blackard et al. 2014). Again, similarly, the organization must be able to boost the morale of the employees and this can be achieved by introducing certain exercises in the workplace. One of the most recommended exercise is called back to back drawing method, this method can be successfully employed by the organization whereby each employee may be asked to sit along with another co-employee. While one of the two employees will be having a blank sheet of paper, the other one will have a picture of an object, and this employee will be responsible for communicating the idea of the object, without being able to show the picture to the first person. Apparently, a fun and interesting game, the exercise can be effectively employed to create team spirit among the employees, and will help them in communicating freely and exploring each other more freely (Bradley et al. 2013). Further, as the case study suggests, accusations have been brought against Jenny regarding her incapacity as a leader. Mark has already pointed out that Jenny has a habit of publicly shouting and criticizing the employees. Since, Jenny did not receive any professional guidance or training for assuming the new leadership role, she should receive some form of professional grooming for polishing her skills as a leader. Even Dharma can summon her, and ask her to change her excessively domineering traits. Jenny should be made aware of the fact that a true leader is not someone who is self-conceited and arrogant about her position, but someone who should bring the change, by considering herself a part of the system. Jenny should be asked not to give commands or discharge duties, in an assertive and arrogant way, but should be more polite and composed while approaching her subordinates to complete a task (Tjosvold et al. 2015). Otherwise, Jenny will end up being an autocratic leader, and wi ll be unsuccessful in accomplishing her goals. Moreover, a true leader is not always the one, who always communicates order to the subordinates. Jenny, keeping this point in mind, must learn to develop and enhance her listening skills (Maxwell et al. 2013). Since Happy Hands is actually a NGO, most of the services rendered by the employees are done on a voluntary basis, without much attraction to money or any other sort of financial benefit, the management authority of the organization, must ensure that none of the employees working here, feel unwanted or unnecessary. Hence, the management should also provide responsible works to other employees, with a minimum of two years of experience, and may ask them to initiate an activity, that requires lesser involvement of Jenny. Instead of depending on Jenny as an authoritative figure, the organization should ask the other employees, to share their valuable suggestions, opinions and advices, and may ask them to hold meetings or implement i deas, as and when they want to (Malik et al. 2015). Conclusion: Happy Hands is an NGO, and as an organization which runs with a beautiful objective, must not face any impediment for internal conflict. If any employee, such as Mark, is found to ventilate excessive negative opinion, he or she may be allowed to leave, if the employee decides so. However, for the remaining number of employees, Dharma must introduce more team-oriented activities, which will focus on activities that will encourage team performance, rather than individual performance (Li et al. 2013). Recommendation: Any organization, to be able to operate smoothly and manage its activities properly, will require to have a cohesive team. As an NGO, Happy Hands, will all the more need the presence of a team, which can work with an incredible sense of co-operation, collaboration and support towards each other, in order to be able to reach out to a huge number of people, and to provide them financial assistance. The organization, in order to build a cohesive team, must hold at least one meeting every month, and clearly state the immediate objectives of the organization, and split the employees into various groups, so that each group knows exactly what it has to perform. Here, the organization in creating new groups each time, may shuffle the employees of each group, and thus will be able to create better bonding and communication among all the employees (Goetsch et al. 2014). If the company wishes to offer recognition to any employee for outstanding contribution, Dharma, may ask Jenny to undertake t he task of identifying the employee skill and offering reward. This will help the employees to form good opinion about Jenny. Further, Dharma should keep on collecting feedback from the employees, as to how is Jenny performing as the manager of the team. If her performance is found to be underrated, then she should be provided some sort of training. The company may also think of collecting the feedback of the employees, and consider how far it will be a discreet idea to retain Jenny in the leadership position (Brunetto et al. 2013). Reference List: Avgar, A.C., Lamare, J.R., Lipsky, D.B. and Gupta, A., 2013. Unions and ADR: The relationship between labor unions and workplace dispute resolution in US corporations.Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol.,28, p.63. Blackard, K. and Gibson, J.W., 2014.Capitalizing on Conflict: Strategies and Practices for Turning Conflict Into Synergy in Organizations. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Bradley, B.H., Klotz, A.C., Postlethwaite, B.E. and Brown, K.G., 2013. Ready to rumble: How team personality composition and task conflict interact to improve performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), p.385. Brunetto, Y., Shriberg, A., Farrà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Wharton, R., Shacklock, K., Newman, S. and Dienger, J., 2013. The importance of supervisornurse relationships, teamwork, wellbeing, affective commitment and retention of North American nurses.Journal of Nursing Management,21(6), pp.827-837. Dubrin, A., 2015.Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Li, M.P. and Lam, B.H., 2013. Cooperative learning.2015-01-20]. https://www. ied. edu. hk/aclass/l'heories/cooperative learning course writing_LBH% 2024June, pdf. Malik, N., 2015. Influence strategies used by development personnel within the organization: a study of an NGO.International Journal of Tropical Agriculture,33(2 (Part I)), pp.317-321. Maxwell, J.C., 2013.The 17 indisputable laws of teamwork: Embrace them and empower your team. Thomas Nelson Inc. Moore, C.W., 2014.The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. Tjosvold, D. and Tjosvold, M., 2015. Team Organization: Departments Working Together. InBuilding the Team Organization(pp. 151-169). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Yukl, G., 2012. Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(4), pp.66-85.